•  Hidden Variables
•  Cookies
• Exercise 0 - Examining Cookies
• Sending Cookies
•  Exercise 1 - Sending Cookies
•  Receiving Cookies
•  Exercise 2 - Receiving Cookies
• Exercise 3 - Using Cookies
•  Exercise 4 - State

Web servers are generally stateless. One problem with the stateless nature of Web servers is that no previous information about the client browser state is held by the server. Though it greatly simplifies the server design, it means that the server remembers nothing from one connection to the next; each new page or refresh makes a new connection to the server. If you were playing a Tic-Tac-Toe game on a server, the server needs information about the current state of the game (i.e. the board positions occupied). In stateless operation, the server starts each connection anew, so would always be starting a fresh game unless the game state were supplied by the browser.

For the Tic-Tac-Toe game state, the browser might hold the board and player state information, sending with each move to the server. The URL with player x in board position 1, o in board positions 4 and 5, and player x moving to position 3 might appear as:

    tictactoe.asp?board=0x23oo78&x=3

With the browser client holding the state, the server can remain stateless, receiving the current game state each time the browser connects and sends the game state of: board=0x23oo78&x=3 in the URL.

Hidden Variables

Hidden variables provide one means for the client to hold and send state to the server. Hidden variables are basically the same as buttons, text, etc. except the browser doesn't display the variables, they're hidden.

Recall that user input can be sent from the browser text and button entries using the GET or POST form methods. For example, the HTML of

displays a text box of 2 characters in the browser. Typing 4 into the text box and pressing Enter executes the http://localhost/CGI/tictactoe.exe action and GETs 4 as standard input of move=4.

Hidden variables are data held by the browser client and returned to the server through the GET or POST form method just as a variable that is not hidden. What differs is that nothing is displayed by the browser, no text or buttons, and a value is assigned the variable in the HTML. For example, the HTML of:
 

displays nothing but assigns a hidden variable board = "0x234o678".

Cookies

Before discussing cookies, an understanding of the server/browser communication is necessary. Recall the typical communication between a browser client and a Web server.

1. Browser connects to the server IP address and sends a request for a file to be returned, for example:


        GET /rwisman/Hello.htm HTTP/1.1
 
2. The server retrieves an HTML file, or executes a CGI or server script, returning the results to the browser.
    
3. The server or browser disconnects, breaking the connection.

Because the server is stateless, it maintains no data about a client between connections, effectively forgetting about the client. We have seen that user data can be maintained in a database on the server but that the user is required to identify themselves, perhaps by logging into an application. We've also seen that hidden variables can be used to maintain data temporarily on the page loaded by the client. Using a server database to maintain long-term data, hidden variables to maintain short-term data, and logins to provide initial user identification, state-full systems can be implemented.

Cookies provide a simple method for maintaining state on the client and are often used in combination with the server database, hidden variables, and user login. Cookies consist of data stored at the behest of the server by the browser on the client's file-system and are sent to the server by the client.  A complete specification is at http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html.

In contrast to hidden variables, which only exist as long as the browser holds the HTML page, cookies are relatively long lived, stored on the client file-system. Typically, the server stores a cookie on the client machine during the first visit, to read and possibly update the cookie data on subsequent visits. Because cookies are stored on a client file-system, the cookie is only available through that computer, so someone using multiple machines for logging into a system would need to go through the process of creating the cookie again on other clients.

Sending a cookie

The cookie is sent by the browser whenever a URL in the cookie domain is accessed. For example, the following is the full request sent from a browser to www.google.com which had previously stored a cookie.

Receiving a cookie

The partial server response sends a new cookie for the domain google.com meaning that the browser should send the cookie whenever contacting any URL in that domain.

Storing cookies

Netscape stored cookies in a file named cookie.txt in the c:\Program Files\NetScape\Users\name directory where name is the user name.

At one time, Internet Explorer stored cookies in directory C:\Documents and Settings\username\Cookies where each cookie is a separate file named similar to: ray@google[1].txt. More recent versions attempt to hide the cookies.

Netscape

The format of the fields generally follows:

# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
# http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html
# This is a generated file!  Do not edit.
www.southwest.com  TRUE /cgi-bin TRUE 1016513978 resPurchasePage &CC_FIRSTNAME=Raymond&CC_LASTNAME=Wisman
localhost       FALSE   /N342/Cookies   FALSE   955670399       N342Student     Ray
.cheaptickets.com TRUE / FALSE 1135987200 referrer http%3A//www2.travelocity.com/LastMinuteDeals/
www.ticketmaster.com FALSE / FALSE 2145801577 NGUserID cf5834ce-235-954257833-1
.amazon.com TRUE / FALSE 955439972 session-id 104-2727763-7122841
www.perlscripters.com FALSE / FALSE 1293753514 WEBTRENDS_ID 149.160.29.92-2415653776.29335619

Internet Explorer

The files includes variables and data defined by the browser and server, most of which is encoded and not obviously readable:

PREF
ID=74502d5f99c8b0f7:TM=1117665947:LM=1117665947:S=hUnqRK_Aj9wghDLM
google.com/
1536
2618878336
32111634
2806618384
29714171
*

Cookies are text information stored on the browser by a the server or client JavaScript for temporarily or for a specified amount of time. Cookies are often used to personalize visits but not always reliable when several people use one machine.

 The following sets the temporary WHO cookie to Ray.

<a href="" onClick='document.cookie = "WHO=Ray;"; return false;'> Set Cookie</a>

• To print all the cookies stored by the current browser that are not associated with a URL:

  <a href="" onClick='document.write(document.cookie); return false;'> See Cookie</a>

• The following retrieves the cookie, parses the WHO= and name, and prints a "Hello Ray"  message.

<script language="JavaScript">
   var theCookie = unescape(document.cookie);   // Read cookie and find WHO
   var start = theCookie.indexOf("WHO=")+"WHO=".length;
   var end = theCookie.indexOf(";",start);
   if(end==-1) end=theCookie.length;
   document.write("Hello "+theCookie.substring(start,end));
</script> 

Sending Cookies

Cookies are set from within a HTTP request, before the Content-type header. The minimal information sent is:

An example of setting a cookie with N342Student=Ray is given below. Note that the path that is stored with the cookie is the server URL path. If the paths differ, then more than one cookie is created and stored, if a cookie already exists it is replaced. Only CGIs or ASPs located in that original path can receive that cookie from the browser.

 

ASP - The effect of setting a cookie is the same in any language. ASP Response.Cookies can set a cookie. One point of note, the cookie must be written before the <HTML> tag, since the cookie is written before the Content-type of the HTTP header.

Setting a Cookie in ASP

URL http://localhost/N342/SendCookie.asp ASP SendCookie.Asp <%@ LANGUAGE = JScript %>  <%      Response.Cookies("N342Student")="Ray";      Response.Cookies("N342Student").Expires = "June 12, 2008";  %>  <HTML>  <H1>A cookie has been sent to your machine.</H1>  </HTML> Sent to browser Set-Cookie: N342Student=Ray; expires=Thursday, 12-June-2008 23:59:59 Content-type: text/html <H1>A cookie has been set on your machine.</H1> Stored in C:\Users\rwisman\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies rwisman@localhost[1].txt by IE, note localhost is the path where cookie originated.   N342Student Ray localhost/N342 1024 1586061312 29716428 1527165296 29715124 *

Setting a Cookie in Perl

URL http://localhost/CGI/SendCookie.pl Perl SendCookie.pl program print << "EndOfHeader"; Set-Cookie: N342Student=Ray; expires=Wednesday, 13-June-2007 23:59:59 Content-type: text/html <H1>A cookie has been sent to your machine.</H1> EndOfHeader Sent to browser Set-Cookie: N342Student=Ray; expires=Wednesday, 13-June-2007 23:59:59 Content-type: text/html <H1>A cookie has been set on your machine.</H1> Stored in Cookie.txt by Netscape, note CGI is the path where cookie originated.   localhost FALSE /CGI FALSE 955670399 N342Student Ray

Receiving Cookies 

As noted, unless a different domain path was designated when the cookie was created, cookies are sent from the browser to a CGI or ASP in the original path.

To receive the cookie, the GetCookie.asp program must be in the same path from which the cookie was originally created.

The browser returns all cookies that were sent from that path, regardless of the requesting program. The cookies are sent as a list in the environment variable name HTTP_COOKIES. The receiving program must then parse the HTTP_COOKIE list of returned cookies to locate the one of interest.

ASP - ASP Request.Cookie can get a cookie value. To get the value of the cookie set in the above example is trivial.

Example - A more realistic example gathers SSN user information and stores as a cookie. Later, when the user visits the site again, the SSN cookie is used to lookup the name of the person from the EMPLOYEE database.